|
In algebraic geometry, the étale topology is a Grothendieck topology on the category of schemes which has properties similar to the Euclidean topology, but unlike the Euclidean topology, it is also defined in positive characteristic. The étale topology was originally introduced by Grothendieck to define étale cohomology, and this is still the étale topology's most well-known use. ==Definitions== For any scheme ''X'', let Ét(''X'') be the category of all étale morphisms from a scheme to ''X''. This is the analog of the category of open subsets of ''X'' (that is, the category whose objects are varieties and whose morphisms are open immersions). Its objects can be informally thought of as étale open subsets of ''X''. The intersection of two objects corresponds to their fibered product over ''X''. Ét(''X'') is a large category, meaning that its objects do not form a set. An étale presheaf on ''X'' is a contravariant functor from Ét(''X'') to the category of sets. A presheaf ''F'' is called an étale sheaf if it satisfies the analog of the usual gluing condition for sheaves on topological spaces. That is, ''F'' is an étale sheaf if and only if the following condition is true. Suppose that is an object of Ét(''X'') and that is a jointly surjective family of étale morphisms over ''X''. For each ''i'', choose a section ''x''''i'' of ''F'' over ''U''''i''. The projection map , which is loosely speaking the inclusion of the intersection of ''U''''i'' and ''U''''j'' in ''U''''i'', induces a restriction map . If for all ''i'' and ''j'' the restrictions of ''x''''i'' and ''x''''j'' to are equal, then there must exist a unique section ''x'' of ''F'' over ''U'' which restricts to ''x''''i'' for all ''i''. Suppose that ''X'' is a Noetherian scheme. An abelian étale sheaf ''F'' on ''X'' is called finite locally constant if it is a representable functor which can be represented by an étale cover of ''X''. It is called constructible if ''X'' can be covered by a finite family of subschemes on each of which the restriction of ''F'' is finite locally constant. It is called torsion if ''F''(''U'') is a torsion group for all étale covers ''U'' of ''X''. Finite locally constant sheaves are constructible, and constructible sheaves are torsion. Every torsion sheaf is a filtered inductive limit of constructible sheaves. Grothendieck originally introduced the machinery of Grothendieck topologies and topoi to define the étale topology. In this language, the definition of the étale topology is succinct but abstract: It is the topology generated by the pretopology whose covering families are jointly surjective families of étale morphisms. The small étale site of ''X'' is the category ''O''(''X''ét) whose objects are schemes ''U'' with a fixed étale morphism ''U'' → ''X''. The morphisms are morphisms of schemes compatible with the fixed maps to ''X''. The big étale site of ''X'' is the category ''Ét/X'', that is, the category of schemes with a fixed map to ''X'', considered with the étale topology. The étale topology can be defined using slightly less data. First, notice that the étale topology is finer than the Zariski topology. Consequently, to define an étale cover of a scheme ''X'', it suffices to first cover ''X'' by open affine subschemes, that is, to take a Zariski cover, and then to define an étale cover of an affine scheme. An étale cover of an affine scheme ''X'' can be defined as a surjective family such that the set of all α is finite, each ''X''α is affine, and each ''u''α is étale. Then an étale cover of ''X'' is a family which becomes an étale cover after base changing to any open affine subscheme of ''X''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Étale topology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|